Color photography

ABSTRACT

A color photographic film with extended exposure response characteristics having a plurality of emulsion layers divided into sets, each set having a different photographic speed. The emulsion layers within a set have the same photographic speed but each layer is responsive to a different region of the spectrum. The emulsion layers are arranged either one above the other or side-by-side in a geometric pattern and all have D-log E characteristic curves which have substantially equal slopes. The effective speed of one set is adjusted such that it commences responding to impinging light as another set approaches saturation. This is accomplished either by selection of the basic sensitivities of the various emulsions or by the use of auxiliary means such as attenuating filters. Dye-forming couplers may be incorporated during manufacture in all emulsion layers or may be introduced during processing. The invention may also be incorporated into a number of embodiments employing either the diazo or diffusion transfer processes. In addition apparatus employing the principles of the invention is described.

United States Patent 1191 Wyckoff May 21, 1974 COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY Primary ExaminerJohn M. Horan [75] Inventor 5 222 wyckoff Needham Attorney, Agent, or FirmRalph L. Cadwallader 73 Assi nee: A lied Photo Sciences, Inc. 1 g N svbury, Mass. [57] ABSTRACT [22] Filed: Jan. 6, 1972, A color photographic film with extended exposure response characteristics having a plurality of emulsion PP bio-32151877 layers divided into sets, each set having a different Related Application Data photographic speed.'The emulsion layers within a set [60] Division ofSer N0. 876 626 Nov. 14 1969 Pat. No. have the same photograph? speed but each layer 3 663 228 which is a cohtinuationein-part 0t Ser. No. respopswg to a'dlfferem reglon 9 the Spectrum The Z April 9 I965 abandoned, which is a emuls1on layers are arranged elther one above the continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 98,l76, March 24, other or y' k m'a geometnc Pa and all 19 1, P No 3,450 53 have D-log E charactenstlc curves which have substantially equal slopes. The effective speed of one set 52 us. c1. 354 104, 95/18 is adjusted such that it commences responding to 1511 Int. Cl. ..'...."G03b 33712 p g g light as another set approaches saturation. [58] Field of Search 350/171, 173; 95/122, This is accomplished either y selection of the basic 3 95/18 sensitivities of the various emulsions or by the use of I auxiliary means such as attenuating filters. Dye- [56] References Cit d forming couplers may be incorporated during manu- UNITED STATES PATENTS facture in all emulsion layers or may be introduced during processing. The invention may also be incorpo- 5: 22: 95/18 rated into a number of embodiments employing either 2'945'413 7/1960 the diazo or diffusion transfer processes. In addition 3:450:536 6/1969 w k ff H apparatus employlng-the princlples of the 1nvent1on 1s 2,189,932 2/1940 Ball et al descrlbed.

2,286,526 6 1942 Wri ht 1.966.653 7i1934 Thonton 350/173 x 4 Claims, 17 Drawmg Figures SHEET t (If 4 tmzwo 0400 LOG RELATIVE EXPOSURE FIG. 4A.

twzua @0400 LOG RELATIVE EXPOSURE FIG. 4B.

COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY This application is a division of copending application Ser. No. 876,626 filed Nov. 14, 1969 which issued as U.S. Patent No. 3,663,228 on May 16, 1972 for Color Photographic Film Having Extended Exposure- Response Characteristics. Application Ser. No. 876,626 was a Continuation-ln-Part of copending application Ser. No. 445,496, filed Apr. 9, 1965, now abandoned. Application Serial No. 445 4 9 6 y vas a Continuation-I n-Part of copending application Ser. No. 98,176, filed Mar. 24, 1961 which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 3,450,536 on June 17, 1969 for Silver Halide Photographic Film Having Increased Exposure- Response Characteristics.

This invention relates to photosensitive materials and more particularly to color sensitive photographic films and the like having improved exposure-response characteristics.

The common invention described in said application Ser. No. 445,496 and the present application was made in the performance of work under a NASA contract and is subject to the provisions of Section 305 of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, Public Law 85-568 (72 Stat. 435; 42 U.S.C. 2457).

Heretofore, photographic color films have exhibited a useful exposure-response range which was somewhat less than three decades. This response is limited by the physical characteristics of the various emulsions employed in color films. The aforementioned Pat. No. 3,450,536 teaches a successful photographic film having a tremendous exposure-response range. This is basically a black and white film but color is used in the emulsions to distinguish the images recorded in the various layers. That film has proven to be of great value in the scientific community as well as in other fields where wide exposure latitude was a requirement. It was immediately evident that a color film having an extended exposure-response range would be a valuable and useful tool. The present invention adds the benefit of recording the object with true color fidelity.

It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide a photographic material capable of recording, in color, objects and phenomena having great exposure ranges.

Another object of this invention is to provide a new and very fast photographic emulsion for use in color photography.

A further object of this invention is to provide a simple color photographic film which may be used in simple cameras as well as the most complicated remote control photographic apparatus.

Other and further objects of this invention will be pointed out in the following specifications and appended claims. In summary, this invention is an extended exposure range color photographic film having a plurality of emulsions divided into pairs or groups and sets. As used herein the emulsions in a pair or group have different speeds but similar spectral sensitivities, while the emulsions in a set have different spectral sensitivities but similar speeds.

The invention will be more clearly understood by referring to the following description in conjunction with the attached drawings, wherein:

FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 16, 1H and l[ are enlarged, cross-sectional views of various embodiments of this invention;

FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2E are schematic views of this invention included for explanatory purposes to indicate various degrees of exposure of certain photographic emulsions;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a modification of the invention in which the object is separately recorded on two portions of the same film; and

FIGS. 4A and 4B are Density-log Exposure graphs showing typical sensitivity curves for various emulsions used in negative and reversal films respectively.

Throughout the following description of this invention, various emulsions will be referred to as being sensitive to certain colors such as red-sensitive, greensensitive and blue-sensitive. In this regard, these tenns are employed in the broad technical senseto mean different portions of the visible spectrum, such as the red region from about 600 to 700 nm, the blue region from about 400 to 500 nm and the green region from about 500 to 600 nm. It is not the applicants intention to set precise limitations but rather to make useful approximations that will be helpful in understanding this invention. It is important for certain applications that the spectral sensitivity extend into the infrared and ultraviolet regions. Thus, the references to red-sensitive, green-sensitive and blue-sensitive emul sions must not be interpreted to cover these specific wavelengths alone but must be recognized to be broad divisions of the light spectrum, which may include infrared and ultraviolet, or substantial portions thereof. There may also be some overlapping between emulsions sensitive to adjacent regions. Realizing the broader meaning of these terms, the preferred embodiment is a division of the visible spectrum into three substantially equal parts of about each starting at 400 with blue, followed by green and red, the blue region being sensitive to at least some ultraviolet and the red responding to at least some infrared.

Referring first to FIG. 1A, there is shown a photographic product consisting of a film base 10, a pair of red-sensitive photographic emulsions 20 and 21, coated in layers upon base 10. A second pair of photographic emulsions 30 and 31, sensitive to light within the green region of the spectrum, are coated in layers above emulsion 20. The uppermost layers of this film consist of emulsions 40 and 41 which are blue-sensitive emulsions. The photographic emulsions which constitute the various layers of this film may be selected from any of the well-known photosensitive emulsions that perform the necessary functions of this invention. Preferably emulsions 20, 30 and 40 have substantially the same photographic speed. This means that they respond to the same levels of exposure for light within the region of the spectrum to which they are sensitive. For this reason, curve A in FIG. 4A represents the D-log E curve, for each of emulsions 20, 30 and 40. Curve A indicates that these emulsions begin to respond to light at a very low exposure level of about 0.4 on the log Relative Exposure scale. As the exposure increases, the color density in the emulsion increases until it reaches a saturation point at an exposure level of about 3.0 where the color density remains constant regardless of increases in exposure. Note that these emulsions demonstrate a total exposure response of about three decades and a linear range of about two decades. This response range may be increased or decreased by varying the thickness of the emulsions or by the addition of sensitizers or desensitizers but the range indicated is a practical and useful one.

Emulsions 21, 31 and 41 in FIG. 1A have substantially the same photographic speeds and are represented by curve B in FIG. 4A. These emulsions being to respond to light within their respective regions of the spectrum at about 2.5 on the log Relative Exposure Scale and the color density increases as exposure increases to a saturation point at approximately 5.5 on the same scale. Curve C is the total or accumulated density of the combination of curves A and B. Note that it has a total exposure response of about five decades and a linear response of at least four decades. The feature of curve A leveling off in the region where curve B begins to respond produces a straight line result in curve C which I shall refer to throughout this application as complementary speeds. Note that curves A and B have substantially equal slopes. Without this novel feature curve C would not have the straight line result illustrated.

Each of these emulsions are preferably color sensitized photographic silver halide emulsion layers. Emulsions 20, 30 and 40 are the faster emulsions and it is desirable to use a very fast emulsion such as one having an exposure index of 1,000. Emulsions 21, 31 and 41 have complementary speeds to emulsions 20, 30 and 40, respectively and thus exposure indexes of are preferred. The silver halide in each emulsion is sensitized to respond to certain regions of the spectrum. Color sensitizers for this purpose are well known. Emulsions and 21 are sensitive to red light and may employ any of a number of red sensitizers such as:

l, l diethyl 4, 4' carbocyanine iodide (kryptocyanine) 3, 3 diethylthiadicarbocyanine iodide 1, l diethyl 4, 5, 4, 5 -dibenzothiacarbocyanine bromide l, l diethyl 2,2 cyanine iodide, 2 (p diethylaminostyryl)benzothiazole Color sensitizers for the green-sensitive emulsions and 31 may be any of those well known in the art such as, for example:

l, l diethyl 6,6 diethoxy 2,4 cyanine bromide (pinachrome) l, l diethyl 6, 6 dimethyl 2, 4 cyanine bromide (orthochrome T) l, l diethyl 2, 2' carbocyanine iodide (pinacyanol) 3, 3 diethylthiacarbocyanine iodide 3, 3 diethylselenacarbocyanine iodide 3, 3' diethyl 9 methylthiacarbocyanine bromide No special color sensitizers need be used for the bluesensitive emulsions 40 and 41 since most emulsions are naturally blue-sensitive.

In some cases, it is preferable to employ reversal-type emulsions in which the dye-forming couplers are introduced during processing because they can be made photographically faster than emulsions which contain the dye-forming couplers Curves A and B in FIG. 4B show reversal emulsions having substantially the same characteristics as the emulsions shown in FIG. 4A except that at minimum exposure, maximum color density is present. As exposure increases, density decreases until it reaches a minimum density. Curve C is the accumulated densities of curves A and B. The same color sensitizers may be used in reversal film and the same requirement for complementary speeds is present.

FIG. 1B shows an extended-exposure range colorphotographic film which employs means to adjust the spectral response of some of the emulsions. This is accomplished by inserting certain color filters between the emulsion layers, specifically between pairs of emulsions, or by incorporating within the emulsions colored dyes of the proper saturation. FIG. 1B shows the three pairs of emulsions shown in FIG. 1A with the addition of color filters 12 and 14. Emulsions 40 and 41 are blue sensitive and record incident radiation in that region of the spectrum. Color filter 12 is disposed between the blue-sensitive emulsions 40 and 41, and the greensensitive emulsions 30 and 31. Filter 12 .is yellow and blocks the passage of blue light which was useful in exposing emulsions 40 and 41 but which could introduce error into emulsions 30 and 31. Magenta filter 14, between the green-sensitive emulsions 30 and 31 and the red-sensitive emulsions 20 and 21, prevents the passage of green light into the red-recording region. In FIG. 1B, the color filters 12 and 14 are introduced to help correct the characteristics of the emulsions to insure greater accuracy in the recording of objects. This is particularly useful when the color sensitivity of the lower emulsions overlap those of the higher emulsions. For example, if the spectral sensitivity of emulsion 30 extends through the green and blue regions, then it is essential to filter out the blue light before it reaches emulsion 30 which has a prime function of recording green light. Yellow filter 12 serves this purpose. The combination of yellow filter l2 and magenta filter 14 insures that only red light reaches emulsions 20 and 21. Some sets of emulsions may need only a single color filter while other sets may require both filters.

As the aforementioned Pat. No. 3,450,536 points out, there are times when it is difficult to obtain photographic emulsions having perfectly complementary speeds. The solution to this problem is disclosed in said patent. A neutral density filter is interposed between the emulsion layers to shift the D-log E curve of the lower emulsion so that its effective speed is complementary to that of the upper emulsion. In FIG. 1C there are disclosed two photographic color films or sets with a neutral density filter 16 interposed between them.

Neutral density filter 16 may be, for example, colloidal silver dispersed in a gelatin substrate. Other neutral density filters are wellknown in this art and may be used. The value of filter 16 is selected to shift the D-log E curve of the slower blue emulsion 41 so that it is complementary to the faster blue emulsion 40. Similarly, the red and green sensitive emulsions 21 and 31 respectively, are also shifted to become complementary with emulsions 20 and 30. By the use of this filter, greater flexiblity is providedin selecting color films that have the more favorable spectral response without concern for the relative speeds of the films. Any discrepancy in the speeds of the two emulsions is remedied by the use of the proper neutral density filter 16 to make their effective speeds complementary FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1B are shown having three pairs of emulsions, each pair being sensitive to a different region of the spectrum. As may be seen from FIG. 4A and curves A and B therein, the use of pairs of emulsions provides total exposure range of nearly six decades or at least 100,000 to 1. If, however, even greater exposure latitude is desired, then a third emulsion having complementary speed to one of the other emulsions may be added as shown in FIG. 1D. In this figure, a third emulsion of low speed has been added for each of the colors. Emulsion 22 is red-sensitive, emulsion 32 green-sensitive and emulsion 42 is blue-sensitive. In fact, the only serious limitation to the number of photographic emulsions that may be used is the scattering effect produced by the total thickness of all the emulsion layers and the dispersion of light passing therethrough. It should be pointed out that various combinations may be made utilizing the principles described herein.

FIG. 1E shows a photographic product having three pairs of emulsions and a number of color filters interposed between the layers to control the exposure of the emulsions. The top layer is a blue-sensitive emulsion 40 which responds to incident blue light as shown by curve A in FIG. 4A. Blue-sensitive emulsion 41 is disposed beneath emulsion 40 but may have the same speed as emulsion 40. To shift the D-log E curve or the effective speed of emulsion 41 so that it has a complementary speed to emulsion 40 without affecting either the photographic speed or the spectral sensitivity .of any lower layers, a yellow filter 11 is inserted between emulsions 40 and 41. Filter 11 will attenuate blue light only, thus permitting the green and red images to freely pass therethrough. It must have a predetermined color density to attenuate the correct proportion of the incident blue light to effectively shift the speed of emulsion 41 until it is complementary to that of emulsion 40. The attenuation of filter 11 must be selected in accordance with the speeds of emulsions 40 and 41. As an example, it may pass percent of the blue light incident thereupon and attenuate 90 percent, thus producing the effect of a density 1.0 filter. If it passed only 1 percent of the incident blue light then it has the effect of a density 2.0 filter. The degree of attenuation is dictated by the speeds of the emulsions an how far the D-log E curve of the slower emulsion must be shifted.

A second yellow filter 12 is disposed intermediate emulsions 41 and 30. This yellow filter 12 completely blocks the passage of any blue light but permits red and green light to pass therethrough. Intermediate the two green sensitive layers 30 and 31 is a magenta filter 13, designed to block a predetermined portion of the green light and freely pass red light. The attenuation provided by filter 13 must be sufficient to shift the effective speed of emulsion 31 to render it complementary to emulsion 30. A magenta filter 14 is disposed between emulsions 31 and to block all green light at this point. The effect of yellow filter 12 and magenta filter 14 is to leave allow only red light to expose emulsions 20 and 21. Intermediate emulsions 20 and 21 is a further filter 15 to attenuate this red light, thus shifting the effective speed of emulsion 21 until it is complementary to emulsion 20. This filter 15 may be either cyan or neutral. A cyan filter blocks red light. It may be neutral because the only light passing therethrough is red, due to the effect of the yellow and magenta filters 12 and 14 above. In using the construction shown in FIG. 1E, the benefits mentioned with regard to FIGS. 18 and 1C are combined. The speeds of emulsions 21, 31 and 41 need not be complementary to emulsions 20, and originally. The filters will shift their effective speed to make them complementary. The spectral sensitivity of emulsions 20, 21, 30 and 31 need not be limited to their precise spectral region. Corrections in both speed and spectral sensitivity are provided by the filter elements. In the film of FIG. 1E, the speeds of emulsions 21, 31 and 41 need not be similar because they are individually shifted by different filters which do not affect other emulsions. In fact, the speeds of emulsions 20, 30 and 40 may also be adjusted by color filters if necessary, but such filters would also affect the slower emulsions, which would be shifted by the total effect of such a filter and the filter of the same color mentioned above.

This invention may also be utilized in other physical structures than those described above. One such embodiment is a number of thin emulsion layers for each color, coated on the film support. The size of the silver grains are predetermined to be substantially uniform within each emulsion but to vary from emulsion layer to emulsion layer to produce different and complementary speeds. Although it is not essential, it is preferable to coat the emulsion with the smallest silver grains closest to thefilm support. Additional layers are coated in sequence above this first layer and the silver grains in each layer are progressively larger. The total amount of silver in each emulsion should be substantially equal to the silver content in each of the other emulsions. As is well known, the sensitivity of an emulsion with large silver grains is considerably faster than those with small silver grains. The silver content of each emulsion is intentionally made sparse in order to reduce light dispersion and associated scattering. Preferably the thin emulsions are one-half to 2 microns thick, more or less, and the number of emulsion layers is determined by the total response range and the purity of spectral sensitivity desired. To equate this type of film with those defined above, a total response range of five decades on the log E axis is recommended and five thin layers accomplish this goal.

As an example, the top layer may contain large silver halide grains with thiourea sensitization for maximum speed. Such a layer, upon exposure anddevelopment, would yield a D-log E curve of low slope and density. It would have an exposure range of 10 tomore to l. The next lower thin emulsion will contain smaller crystals about one quarter the size of the top layer and these will also be sulphur sensitized to produce about one-tenth the sensitivity of the top emulsion layer. The actual speed may be adjusted to make the exposure start where the top emulsion ceases, thus producing the effect of an extended D-log E curve. The slope of all layers is kept substantially identical by maintaining the same silver concentration and grain size ratio in each layer.

Another embodiment of this invention is a single blended emulsion layer for each color. The blend would have a low silver content and have substantially uniform quantities of each grain size of silver halide to produce a response range in the region, for example, of five decades.

The low silver content in the above-mentioned photographic products would develop to a low contrast silver image. Thus, it is important that during the color development stage, a greater concentration of dye be employed in order to compensate for this low contrast. The color D-log E curve for each of these emulsions may be shown by curves C and C in FIGS. 4A and 4B respectively. Each emulsion layer has incorporated therein a color sensitizer as previously described.

The neutral density filter 16, in FIG. 1C and the color filters l1, 12, 13 and 14 in FIGS. 18, 1D and 1E and 1 filter in FIG. 1E, which may be either neutral or cyan, are preferably of a soluble or bleachable material that may be dissolved and washed away or otherwise disposed of during processing. This is important hecause-these filter materials could interfer with the viewing and printing of the image recorded therein. In FIG. 1C, for example, filter 16 would upset the complementary speeds of the emulsions produced by the filter itself during'exposure. In FIGS. 1B and lDcolor filters 12 and 14 (and in FIG. 1E, color filters 11 and 13) would prevent the images recorded in each emulsion from being properly viewed or printed, thus greatly reducing the film s usefulness. By using soluble or bleachable color filters, these materials are removed or rendered colorless during the processing stage. Bleachable color filters are preferred over their soluble counterparts because they may be made colorless quite simply in developing and processing. In the case of neutral density filters, however, the soluble type has proven satisfactory and may have equal status with bleachable neutral density filters. These elements are removed or rendered colorless during processing so that they perform their function during exposure but do not lessen the usefulness of :the product during viewing and printing.

There are many well-known forms of color filters that may be used for the color filters 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 in FIGS. 1B, 1D, and 1E. The yellow filters 11 and 12 may be, for example, a bleachable yellow colloidal silver. Dyes may also be used in the filter layers of a photographic film. One example of a yellow filter made from a dye is Aniline Yellow, C. I; No. 1 1,000 (Absorption Peak about 457 nm). A magenta filter may be made from Acid Red 12, C. I. No. 14,835 (Absorption Peak about'550 nm). During the processing of the film, these dyes, which are colored as shown, could be made colorless by treating them in a reducing agent solution such as sodium hydrosulfite. This would reduce the dye to a permanently colorless substance.

FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C show only one of the three pairs of emulsions of FIGS. 1A,' 1B, 1C or IE to simplify the explanation of the applicants invention. The redsensitive emulsions and 21 have been selected for discussion, but the explanation applies to the other pairs of emulsions as well. FIG. 2A illustrates sufficient light passing from object 17 through lens 18 to expose only the more sensitive emulsion 20. The object 17 is shown consisting of five areas identified by the reference designators 24 to 28 inclusive, where area 24 emits an intense level of red light and area 28, a low level, and areas 25 and 26 and 27 are of intermediate intensities, area 27 being the weakest area and area 25 the brightest of the three. Lens 18 reverses the relative positions of the areas 24 to 28 when the emulsion is exposed to light coming therefrom. The image of area 28 falls in film portion 81. Since little light arrives from darkest area 28, this film portion 81 is only slightly exposed and therefore is shown clear. The light from clear area 24 totally exposes film portion 85 which is shown black in the figure to indicate total exposure of the emulsion. The intermediate areas 25, 26 and 27 of object 17 produce exposures of different degrees as shown by film portions 84, 83 and 82 respectively. It should be pointed out that the areas of object 17 are shown with different degrees of blackening to indicate different levels of intensity while emulsion 20 is shown 8 with different degrees of blackening to depict different degrees of exposure.

In FIG. 2A, the light from the object 17 is sufficient to expose only the more-sensitive emulsion 20 but not sufficient to expose the less-sensitive emulsion 21. In other words, the range of light energy striking emulsions 20 and 21 would all be found along curve A of FIG. 4A to the left of the point where curve B begins to respond. Here, the range of light levels striking the emulsion is perfectly matched to the exposure-response of emulsion 20. Therefore, emulsion 21 does not respond at all, due to the fact that it is insensitive to the level of light energy passing through emulsion 20.

Now consider the case where the light energy striking the film is increased many times. This may be done by greatly increasing the light energy incident upon object 17 or by greatly extending the time during which the emulsions are exposed to light. FIG. 2B shows the effect of such an exposure upon emulsions 20 and 21. The more-sensitive emulsion 20 is totally saturated as indicated by the blackening of film portions 81 to 85 inclusive. The light energy which passes through emulsion 20 and is available to expose emulsion 21 causes the same degree of exposure of film portions 86 to of emulsion 21 as was produced in film portions 81 to 85 respectively of emulsion 20 of FIG. 2A. FIG; 2B indicates that the range of light energy incident upon the emulsions would all fall along curve B in FIG. 4A to the right of the point where curve A levels off. In this case, we can see that the range of light intensity striking the emulsions is perfectly matched to the exposure response range of emulsion 21.

A third case to be considered is the instance where the range of light intensity striking the emulsions is not perfectly matched to the exposure-response range of either of emulsions 20 or 21 but is in the range including portions of curves A and B of FIG. 4A. FIG. 2C shows the effect of this third case on emulsions 20 ans 21. Light from darkest area 28 of object 17 partially exposes film area 81 of emulsion 20. More light comes from area 27 to partially expose to a greater degree film portion 82. The light from areas 27 and 28 is insufficient to expose film portions 86 and 87 of emulsion 21. The light passing from 26 is sufficient to totally expose film portion 83 but is not sufficient to expose film portion 88 of emulsion 21. The light from area 25 is not only sufficient to expose film portion 84 of emulsion 20 but also to partially expose film portion 89 of emulsion 21. The light from the lightest area 24 of object 17 saturates film portion 85 and partially exposes film portion 90 to a greater extent than film portion 89.

It can thus be seen that with tremendous differences in the light intensity, useful and accurate reproductions of object 17 can be made from the negatives shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B and2C. In the case of the negative in FIG. 2A, a positive image of object 17 can be printed from the exposure of emulsion 20, after the negative has been developed. The image recorded in emulsion 21 of FIG. 28 may also be printed. The saturated redsensitive emulsion 20 becomes a uniformly deep cyan, and to print the cyan image recorded in emulsion 21, the additive effect of the two emulsions must be considered and thus the light used in printing must be either very intense or its time duration extended. With reference to the negative of FIG. 2C, a print of thetwo combined emulsions can be made by adjusting the printing exposure to reproduce object 17 from portions of emulsions 20 and 21.

FIG. 2D shows, schematically, the exposure of a 1 group having three emulsions such as red-sensitive emulsions 20, 21 and 22 in FIG. 1D to an object 17 where there is a tremendous difference between the light from the lightest area 24' and the light from the darkest area 28'. This light range is in excess of the exposure-response range of each of emulsions 20, 21 and 22, considered individually.

Light from the darkest area 28' of object 17 almost completely exposes film portion 81 of emulsion 20 but does not expose film portions 86 or 91 of emulsion 21 and 22. The light from areas 27 and 26' saturates film portions 82 and 83 and partially exposes to different degrees film portions, 87and 88 but does not expose film portion 92 or 93. The light from area and the lightest area 24' saturates film portions 84, 85, 89 and 90 and partially exposes todifferent degrees, portions I 94 and 95.

The extreme range of exposure of object 17' has been recorded by the three emulsions in its proper degree'of exposure and by adjusting the exposure in the printing process, a good reproduction of any portion of object 17 can be made. It has been shown that the three emulsions recorded the tremendous difference in light levels from the object 17'. It is not, however, possible to accurately print such an exposure because of the limited exposure range of currently available printing material, and not because of any limitation of the multi-emulsion film itself. Any particular portion of the emulsion falling within the range of the printing material may, of course, be printed. By decreasing the effect of the chemical processing, the density contrast can be reduced, thereby providing a means for printing the entire exposure, but the resulting print would not be an accurate reproduction of the original object 17.

Thus far we have been discussing the exposure of the emulsions shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D in terms of one color only. FIG. 2E shows the effectof various exposures upon the different emulsion layers. The elements of the bar graph indicate the relative intensities of the different colors on the object. The range may be in the order of 100,000 to l but for simplicity, it shall be shown in eight increments identified by Roman Numerals I to VIII in FIG. 2E and in FIGS. 4A and 48 as well. The photographic film is shown as a six-layer film having three pairs of emulsions, each pair being sensitive to a different color. Emulsions 20 and 21 are redsensitive and have complementary speeds with emulsion 20 being faster than emulsion 21. Green-sensitive emulsions 30 and 31 also have complementary speeds with emulsion 30 being the faster. The top two emulsions 40 and 41 are blue sensitive and emulsion 40 saturates in the region that emulsion 41 begins to respond to blue light. A lens 18 is shown which reverses the exposure of the film by focusing the light from the left end of the object on the right end of the film segment. Thus, the light from the left end of the object is shown divided into its three components, namely red light 46, green light 51 and blue light 56, and is focused upon the right hand column of film segments consisting of segments 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 and 90. For easy reference, the letters r, g and b have been placed in the color bars to inwithout having any affect upon film segments and 70. Similarly, the light from the red portion of the object passes through segments and of emulsions 30 and 31 because these emulsions are sensitive only to light in the green region of the spectrum. When the red light 46 strikes film segment of emulsion 20 it causes an exposure to be recorded there. This exposure is in proportion to the intensity of the red light from the object and causes the exposure to be slightly less than saturation in the region of, for example, IV of FIG. 4A.

This red light 46 continues and passes through film segment of emulsion 21 without producing any response therein. Although emulsion 21 is red sensitive, the red light 46 produces no exposure therein, because its intensity is less than the emulsions threshold of sensitivity. This is evident from a view of FIG. 4A, which shows that region IV is at a position where emulsion B is not activated.

The green light 51 from the object is very intense and not only saturates film segment 75 of emulsion 30, but also exposes segment 80 of emulsion 31 to its point of saturation. This is shown as region VIII of FIG. 4A. This saturation of film segments 75 and 80 by the green light 51 does not affect film segments 65, 70, 85 and 90 because these emulsions are not sensitive to green light. The blue light 56 is of an intermediate intensity and as such saturates film segment 65 in emulsion 40 and also causes a moderate degree of exposure of film segment 70 of emulsion 41. The intensities of blue light 56 fall in the region VI on the graph of FIG. 4A.

The red light 47 causes an exposure on film segment 84 of emulsion 20 but is not sufficiently intense to cause the exposure of segment 89. This level of exposure is shown as region III in FIG. 4A. Other exposures caused by the spectral component of the objects light are recorded in the various segments of the film and correspond to the regions set forth in FIG. 4A. It is noteworthy to observe that the saturation of certain film segments, for example, film segment 61 in emulsion 40, does not interfere with the recording of a minimum exposure of the emulsions in a different colorsensitive pair, such as film segments 81 and 86 in emulsions 20 and 21. The pairs of emulsions are responsive to their respective color components and in effect are completely insensitive to the other colors.

Thus far, we have been discussing the invention in terms of negative type color film, all layers of which contain dye-forming couplers. It has been pointed out, however, that reversal type color film may also be used and, in fact, may even be preferred. In reversal films, density saturation is found at minimum exposure and it decreases as exposure increases until at the limit of its capability, it has a minimum or substantially no opaqueness. This is clearly shown by reference to curve A in FIG. 4B. Note thatmaximum density is found at minimum exposure on the left side of the graph. As the exposure increases, the density decreases as indicated by the downward slope of curve A. When curve A commences to level off at maximum exposure, curve B begins to respond, thus providing the above mentioned complementary speed. Similarly, curve C is effectively the sum total of the densities of the emulsions producing curves A and B. A third reversal type emulsion may be added to the two shown in the manner de scribed in relation to FIG. 1C. In such a case, the exposure response is increased by approximately three decades or to more than a million to one.

When reversal film is developed, a positive image is formed which may be read directly. This may be desirable in certain applications. The film structures, shown in FIGS. 1A to IE may be used with reversal film as readily as with negative film. The exposures shown in FIGS. 2A to 2E accurately apply to reversal film if one remembers that the darkening of the film portions is a measure of exposure and not a measure of film density and after completion of the reversal processing the tones or darkening will be the reverse of those shown in FIGS. 2A to 2B. FIG. 4B has also been marked off to show the exposure regions I to VIII as they relate to the exposure shown schematically in FIG. 2E.

Utility of the invention is improved by using very fast emulsions. Extremely fast speed'has been attained by using a fast emulsion of the ammoniacal-type having an exposure index of about 1,000. A sensitizer is added to render the emulsion sensitive to a particular region of the spectrum, for example, red-sensitive. No dyeforming coupler is added to the emulsion. The cyan dye will be added during developing. By eliminating the dye-forming coupler from the emulsion, the speed is greatly increased. Actually, it would be more accurate to say that the speed is held at its high level and not slowed by the addition of the dye-forming coupler. There is another benefit to such a high-speed emulsion without a dye-forming coupler which is a decrease in the scattering effect by dispersion of light waves. The more chemicals suspended in the emulsion, the greater the scattering effect.

In using this high-speed emulsion, a film structure such as that shown in FIG. 1C is preferred. In this way, three high-speed emulsions 20, 30 and 40 are the three top-most layers. The impinging light passes through a minimum of layers, which of necessity, introduce some attenuation. It is preferable to place the blue-sensitive emulsion 40 on top with green-sensitive emulsion 30 immediately underneath and red-sensitive emulsion beneath emulsion 30. This arrangement is preferred because red light passes through emulsion layers more freely than blue and green light. Blue light is most susceptible of attenuation and scattering and therefore belongs on top.

The exposed emulsions such as those shown schematically in FIGS. 2A to 2E, may be developed in any of the well-known methods for developing negative and reversal type color films, such as those disclosed in C. E. K. Mees, The Theory of the Photographic Process," Revised Edition, 1954, the MacMillan Company, New York, N.Y., page 584 et seq. (especially 587 and 588). As mentioned above, such a tremendous range of exposure cannot be printed on curreht photographic printing papers because of the inherent limitations thereof. A reason for using reversal type film, since the emulsions develop as positives, is for direct viewing or projection. In order to reproduce the object, as shown in FIG. 2E, the intensity of the light passing through the developed film must be varied to distinguish details in the highlights which may be found in a highly exposed portion of the film, such as film segment 80 in emulsion 3l. lt will be noted that the exposure in this segment corresponds to the very intense green portion 51 of the object. To note the highlights in a low intensity area or the shadows, such as film segment 81 of emulsion 20, considerably more light is required. By varying the intensity of the exposing light, all the features recorded in the six emulsions of this photographic film can be observed and studied. It is also possible to compensate by varying the spectral composition of the exposing light if it is desired to increase or to attenuate the particular exposure of one color with respect to another.

An alternate method of recording objects having extended exposure ranges on color film may be accomplished by the apparatus shown in FIG. 3. Three colorsensitive emulsions 20, and 40 are shown coated on a film support I0. Each of these emulsions has substantially the same speed, but each is responsive to a different portion of the spectrum. Emulsion 20 is a redsensitive emulsion, emulsion 30 is green-sensitive and emulsion 40 is blue-sensitive. A pair of right angle prisms 34 and 35 appearing as a cube with a reflectingtransmitting coating applied to the common surface 36, is disposed in the path of the light from the object en route to the photographic film. The prisms 34 and 35 act as a beamsplitter. The incident light striking surface 33 of prism 35 passes therethrough and strikes surface 36 and is divided in approximately equal proportions; one part passing directly through prism 34 and out through surface 37. The other portion is reflected off surface 36 and passes through prism 35 parallel to the film until it strikes totally reflecting mirror 38. From mirror 38 the light passes through emulsions 40, 30 and 20, in that order, and causes exposures within the emulsion in proportion to the intensity of the light. The light that passes through prism 34 also passes through emulsions 40, 30 and 20 but between the prism and the film is a neutral density filter 39. The neutral density filer 39 acts substantially in the same manner as filter 16 in FIG. 1C. It shifts the D-log E curve of the portion of the film beneath it a predetermined distance along the exposure axis (see FIGS. 4A and 4B). The distance is predetermined so that the exposures produce complementary speeds in the emulsions. Since the photographic emulsions 20, 30 and 40 are employed to record the image formed by light passing through the neutral density filter 39, and the image formed by light reflected from mirror 38, the degree of attenuation produced by neutral density filter 39 must be proportional to the exposure response range of the photographic film.

An alternate arrangement for producing the same result, that is side-by-side photographic images on photographic emulsions having complementary speeds, is produced by varying the transmission-reflection characteristic of the reflecting prism surface 36. A partially silvered surface 36, having an attenuation effect proportional to the exposure response of the film completely eliminates any need for the neutral density filter 39.

In using the arrangement of FIG. 3, the film, after development has a series of exposures which are double images. These double images must be reassembled to accurately reproduce the object. There are many ways in which this may be done, but, if the preferred reversal type film is used, the simplest solution is to superimpose the two images in register, such as by projecting through a similar beamsplitter or cutting the film apart.

In FIG. 3, it is immaterial what reflecting surfaces are employed as long as the image is not distorted nor serious light losses introduced. Instead of prisms, a particu larly useful reflecting surface is a thin reflecting pellicle film which is capable of reflecting and transmitting the impinging light with a minimum of wasteful internal refiections. A pellicle film may be coated to produce the desired filtering effect.

A photographic film as disclosed herein has great capabilities and may be used in many applications. It is particularly useful where great exposure ranges are encountered, such as the detonation of high-power explosives, the study of astronomical bodies in the sky and flame studies of rockets and similar devices. The film, of course, may be produced'in the form of plates, motion picture film or any of the well-known photographic products.

While the foregoing discussion has been slanted in terms of silver halide photographic emulsions, arranged in layers, it should now be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other photosensitive materials may now be used in place of silver halide. For example, the normally short exposure latitude of diazo materials, when used as duplicating media, may be significantly broadened by utilizing more than one layer of such material, if the resultant film is constructed in accordance with the principles of my invention wherein the speed of one emulsion layer, of the group of blue sensitized layers, is shifted so as to commence responding to impinging light when another emulsion layer (having the same color sensitivity) approaches saturation. However, it should be understood that the diazo materials are spectrally sensitive only to blue-ultraviolet wavelengths.

In the case of the diazo dye, this may be accomplished by means of a neutral density filter layer interposed between the layers or, as an alternative to the neutral density filter layer, a yellow colored diazo dye can be utilized which will serve to attenuate the impinging blue-ultra violet energy thereby effectively reducing the speed of the layer beneath it. This filter layer may be incorporated in one or both of the diazo layers instead of being in a separate layer and should have the property of becoming colorless either upon exposure to the blue-ultra violet energy or when subjected to ammonia or the ammonia fumes used for development of a normal diazo dye image.

To produce a multi-colored duplicate utilizing diazo materials one starts with a first monochrome record indicating the spectral reflectance of the scene in a first region of the spectrum. Thereafter, one adds as many other monochrome records of other, different portions of the spectrum as is necessary to achieve a color facsimile of the scene. Thus, one may have three black and white records, one representingthe red content of the scene, another representing the green content and, the last, representing the blue content.

The black and white record representing the red content is then used to produce a cyan colored diazo transparency image. The black and white record representing the green content is then used to produce a magenta colored diazo image while the black and white record representing the blue content is used to produce a yellow colored diazo image. Thereafter the separate colored diazo image records are registered resulting in a composite colored facsimile of the original scene.

Assuming that three black and white records are positive reproductions of the scene, the following diazo compounds would be used to produce the multicolored facsimile:

4-ethylamino-3-methyl benezene-diazonium boro- Tartaric acid 4 parts H acid 1.9 parts Water parts Magenta l-diazo-2-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid l.0 pans Aluminum sulphate 3.0 parts Resorcin 0.6 part Water l00 pans Yellow 4'ethyl-amino-3-melhyl-benzene-diazoniumborofluoride 1.2 pans Tartaric acid 4.0 pans Phenol 0.5 part Water 100 pans If a two color image is desired, the cyan image above is combined with one made using the following orangered sensitizing solution:

1-diazo-2-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid 1.5 pans l-phenol-3-methyl-5pyragolone 0.9 part ulphufic acid 7.2 pans Water 100 pans If instead the three black and white records are negative reproductions of the scene, the following diazo compounds would be used to produce the multicolored facsimile:

After reviewing the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1D and IE, it should become obvious that the principles herein set forth apply to the image formation process commonly referred to as the diffusion transfer process, wherein the developing agents and color dyes are incorporated into the film as layers separated from the silver halide emulsion layers. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the light-sensitive emulsions do not contain dye-forming couplers. The configurations that may be brought to mind are shown in the following FIGS. 1F, 16, Ill and ll.

Referring now to FIG. 1F, there is shown a photographic product utilizing the layered technique of various speeds in the layers, as applied to the diffusion transfer process. In this embodiment, the film is provided with a base member 10, and adjacent thereto, is a layer of a linked developer-colored dye having a cyan color. Coated in layers above the developer layer 120 is a first pair of emulsions wherein layer 21 is the slow speed red-record emulsion while layer 20 represents the faster speed record sensitive to light within the red portion of the spectrum. A retardation interlayer 14 is placed atop layer 20 and may serve for one of its purposes the same function as layer 14 in FIG. 1B, 1D, 1E. Layer 14 is placed between the green sensitive emulsions 30, 31 and the red sensitive emulsions 20, 21

principally to provide means for preventing the premature excursion of linked developer-color dye layer 130 from migrating into red-record layers and 21. In addition, it may contain a magenta dye so as to prevent the passage of green light into the red-recording region.

Layer 130, containing a linked developer-magenta dye is placed above layer 14 and green-record layers 30 and 31 are placed atop developer layer 130. As in the previous embodiments, layer 30 has a faster speed than layer 31 so that the speed of one commences to respond to impinging light when the other emulsion layer approaches saturation.

The green-record layers 30 and 31 are provided with an overlayer 12 which may include a yellow filter so that any blue light which may have passed through the outer emulsions will be filtered before it reaches emulsion 30, whose prime function is that of recording the green light present in the scene. Layer 12 serves the primary purpose of preventing premature migration of developer of layer 140 into green-record layers 30 and 31.

Layer 140, havinga linked developer-yellow dye, is placed atop layer 12, and the blue-record layers 40 and 41 applied thereto. The blue-record layer 40 has a faster speed than blue-record layer 41, in accordance with the principles hereinbefore set forth.

Referring now to FIG. 10, there is shown a slightly different embodiment than that presented in FIG. 1F. In the embodiment of FIG. 1G, instead of placing the two record layers (40 and 41 or 30 and 31 or 20 and 21) adjacent to each other, I separate them by the appropriate linked developer-colored dye layers 140, 130 and 120, respectively. A layer 12 is placed between blue layer 41 and green layer 30 to prevent premature migration of any developer other than the layer associated therewith from migrating to an undesired layer. In addition it may contain a yellow dye to minimize the passage of any blue light beyond layer 12. Similarly, layer 14 is disposed between green-sensitive layer 31 and red-sensitive layer 20 to prevent premature migration of either layer 130 into layer 20 or of layer 120 into layer 31. In addition, layer 14 may contain a magenta dye to block the passage of any green light into the red-recording region.

As in the prior embodiment, my device is provided with a base 10, which may not, in all cases, be necessary.

Referring now to FIGS. 1H and II, there is shown still another embodiment of a photographic product utilizing the layered technique as applied to the diffusion transfer process. In these next two embodiments each layer is broken up or divided into discrete fast and slow speed portions. For example, in FIG. 1H, the film is provided with a base-member 10, and adjacent thereto is a linked developer colored dye layer 120, having a cyan color. Coated above the developer layer is a pair of emulsions wherein stripes or dots 21 may represent the slow, red-record emulsion while stripes or dots 20 represent the faster speed red-record. Retardation layer 14 is placed atop layers 20, 21 and may serve, for one of its purposes, the same function as layer 14 in FIGS. 18, 1D, 1E, 1F and 1G. Layer 14 is placed between the green-sensitive emulsions 30, 31 and the redsensitive emulsions 20, 21 principally to provide means for preventing any premature excursion of linked developer-color dye particlesof layer 130 from migrating into red-record layers 20 and 21. In addition, it may contain a magenta dye so as to prevent the passage of green light into the red-recording region.

Layer 130, containing a linked developer-magenta dye is placed above retardation layer 14 with greenrecord layers 30 and 31 placed atop developer layer 130. As in the previous embodiments, layers 30 have faster speeds than layers 31 and may be applied-in the form of dots or stripes, the important consideration being that the speed of one emulsion be adjusted so as to commence responding to impinging light when the other layer approaches saturation.

The green-record layers 30 and 31 are provided with an over layer 12 which may include a yellow filter so that any blue light, which may have passed through the outer emulsions, will be filtered before it reaches emulsions 30 and 31. It being recognized that the prime function of emulsions 30 and 31 is that of recording the green light present in the scene being photographed.

However, the primary purpose of layer 12 is that of preventing premature migration of developer of layer into green-record layers 30 and 31.

Developer layer 140, having a linked developeryellow dye, is placed atop layer 12, and the blue-record layers 40 and 41 applied thereto in the form of either dots or stripes. Blue-record layers 40 have a faster speed than blue-record layers 41, in accordance with the principle hereinbefore set forth.

Referring now to FIG. 11, there is shown still another embodiment, utilizing much the same rationale as in FIG. 1H. However, in this latter embodiment, the integrity of the complementary characteristics has been maintained by providing a neutral density filter 19.0 which has alternate light and dark areas 19.1 and 19.2, respectively. In this embodiment, neutral density filter 19.0 is placed atop or adjacent a film which has a base 10, a linked developer-cyan dye 120, a red-record layer 20, a retardation interlayer 14, a developer-magenta dye layer 130, a green-record layer 30 atop layer 130, a retardation interlayer 12 atop layer 30, a layer 140 of linked developer-yellow dye atop layer 12 and a bluerecord layer 40 atop layer 140. Thus, arranged one above the other, discrete complementary speed areas are formed. For those emulsion portions under area 19.2 a slow blue-record portion 40.1, a slow greenrecord portion 30.1 and a slow red-record portion 20.1 is formed. The remaining blue-record portions 40.0, green record portions 30.0 and red-record portions 20.0, not having been exposed through neutral density filter area 19.2, therefore result in a faster speed than its adjacent portions 40.1, 30.1 and 20.1, respectively.

Although I have disclosed my invention in terms of its preferred embodiment, many variations and modifications will occur to those skilled in this art, and all such are deemed to fallwithin the spirit and scope of this invention.

What is claimed is:

1. A photographic system comprising:

at least two photosensitive emulsions, each being sensitive to a different spectral region, each being capable of producing a color image and being in photographically active relationship to each other; means disposed in the light path from the object to the emulsions for dividing the incident light into two paths, one path passing through first portions 3. A system as in claim 2 in which said first and second portions of the processed emulsions are registered to produce a single natural color image.

4. A system as in claim 2 in which:

said dividing means is a beamsplitter; and

said collecting means includes a neutral density filter interposed between the photosensitive emulsions and one of the light paths. 

2. A system as in claim 1 in which said photosensitive emulsions are characterized by D-log E curves of substantially equal slope.
 3. A system as in claim 2 in which said first and second portions of the processed emulsions are registered to produce a single natural color image.
 4. A system as in claim 2 in which: said dividing means is a beamsplitter; and said collecting means includes a neutral density filter interposed between the photosensitive emulsions and one of the light paths. 